Sharing Rivers for Peace,Development, and Security

Abstract

Water is a finite resource, and with the considerable upsurge in population, urbanization, and industrialization, it is also becoming an increasingly scarce resource. Many countries in the world rely on river waters, and many of those rivers are shared by two or more countries. Dams on those rivers have been a major source of tensions, disputes, and, in some cases, even conflict between riparian countries because dams could result in massive diversion of river flows. Those developments have, inter alia, highlighted the relevance and importance of the principles of international water law, as reflected in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses. The World Commission on Dams has also underscored the importance of, and elaborated on, those principles with regard to dams on shared rivers. This article discusses and analyzes the recommendations of the Commission in this area, and compares them with the principles of international water law as enunciated in the United Nations Convention     

Improvement of on/off ratio in ZnO thin-film transistor by using growth interruptions during metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

We developed a new method to realize enhancement-mode zinc oxide (ZnO) thin-film transistors (TFT) by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). We used growth interruptions during MOCVD to encourage complete oxidation of deposited ZnO film, where diethylzinc and oxygen were used as sources. With this method, turn-off characteristics were significantly improved, and threshold voltage was shifted to positive voltages. ZnO TFTs grown at 450 °C showed 10⁷ on/off ratio with 18 cm²/V s mobility, and + 5 V threshold voltage. Our data support that the surface layer is also important in determining ZnO TFT characteristics.     

表面自纳米化对钛合金与不锈钢的扩散焊接的影响

用恒温恒压扩散焊接法实现了表面纳米化后的TA17近α型钛合金与OCr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的连接.焊接材料用气动喷丸方式进行表面自纳米化.利用液压万能试验机测试了接头拉伸强度,并对焊接接头及断口形貌和组织进行了扫描电镜观察及能谱分析.结果表明:接头界而附近出现了不同的层,在不同温度下的焊接接头组织及分布大致相同;与未对材料进行表面自纳米化处理相比,材料经表而自纳米化处理后,加快了被焊偶件的接触进程,提高了原子的扩散速率和焊接接头的强度,并缩短了焊接时间.     

Improving light absorption in organic solar cells by plasmonic contribution

Plasmonic phenomenon inside the materials composing an organic solar cell based on a photoactive poly(2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene):(6,6)-phenyl-C₆₁-butyric-acid-methyl ester (MEH-PPV:PCBM) bulk heterojunction is studied using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method calculations and the modeling results are compared with experimental results.Enhanced absorptance of light up to 50% is experimentally obtained in a 50-nm-thick blend layer including spin-coated silver nanospheres with a diameter of 40 nm. FDTD calculations based on the design of 2D-grating of nanoparticles confirm the high values of absorptance. Spatial distributions of electromagnetic field power density in the structures show confinement of the power at the interface or in the vicinity of the nanoparticles depending on the wavelength and on the preferential directions.     

Investigation of atmospheric-pressure plasma deposited SiOx films on polymeric substrates

The novel technique of plasma chemical vapor deposition without using vacuum chamber was investigated to deposit SiOx films on polymeric substrates through tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)/Air atmospheric-pressure plasma (APP) glow discharge. Depending on the proper deposition parameters, thin and smooth SiOx films on polycarbonate substrates were prepared. The atmospheric-pressure plasma deposited SiOx films obtained the desirable transparency in the visible and increased absorption in UV region. The surface characteristics of APP deposited SiOx films were examined by various surface analysis methods including FTIR, XPS, and SEM. It is shown that SiOx films exhibited low porosity and admirable hardness for optical applications.     

Electrodeposited composite coating of Ni-W-P with nano-sized rod- and spherical-shaped SiC particles

In this research, Ni-W-P-SiC nanocomposite coatings are electrodeposited from the plating solution containing suspension of nano-sized spherical- and rod-shaped SiC particles. The influence of SiC particle charge, applied current density, surfactant addition and the particle shape on the SiC incorporation rate has been studied. The phase structure, microhardness and wear resistance of Ni-W-P-SiC nanocomposite coatings were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), microhardness tester and wear test apparatus. The surface morphology of the produced coatings and worn surfaces has been investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Additionally, the composite coating exhibited higher hardness and wear resistance than the pure Ni-W-P alloy. Regardless the particle shape, the mechanical characteristics of composite coatings are improved with increasing of SiC wt.% into the matrix. The corrosion behavior of the produced coatings was studied using anodic polarization measurements. The nanocomposite coating incorporating SiC rods exhibited higher mechanical and corrosion performance compared with deposits with spherical SiC nano-particles.     

平面磨削颤振与表面波纹度研究

本文对平面磨削颤振的发生与发展进行了试验研究及理论探讨,分析了磨削工艺参数对磨削颤振的影响,并研究了表面波纹度与磨削颤振之间的内在联系.     

混凝土在复杂应力状态下的应力—应变关系

非线性材料在复杂应力状态下的应力—应变关系很复杂。笔者在文献[1]中提出了混凝土破坏面的数学模式,本文在此模式的基础上,进一步探讨了混凝土的应力—应变关系,计算结果与9组实验数据相比较,吻合程度较好。